His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker and wool-dealer. William went to the local free grammar school where he studied Latin. Shakespeare wrote history plays such as "Henry IV" and "Richard III", comedies such as "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "A Comedy of Errors".Who was William Shakespeare? Literature without Shakespeare is like an aquarium without fishes. Though it would have all the adoration and kinds, a look at Though it's not exactly known as to when did Shakespeare begin his writing career, records of performances show that his plays started to...Shakespeare was writing steadily as a necessity of his job, and had to meet deadlines. Doing that and doing a lot of acting, too, would have been If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well It were done quickly; if the assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With his surcease...We don't know exactly when Shakespeare started writing plays, but they were probably being performed in London by 1592. Really get to grips with the stories, settings and characters of Shakespeare's plays. Unlock his language using the same techniques our actors use in rehearsals.Even Shakespeare himself may have been suspected. The great plays of this period are tragedies, among which we may instance Julius Caesar*, Hamlet, Othello * Note: Halleck includes Julius Caesar in Shakespeare's third period. However, Thomas Platter recorded in his Diary a performance of the...
William Shakespeare Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements...
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist.Did Shakespeare Really Write All of His Plays? And Shakespeare was very keen to restore the good name of his family. So acting on behalf of his family, he managed to get a coat of arms for the family so And what's more, that man was William Camden, one of the most learned men in England.Shakespeare's plays began to be printed in 1594, probably with his tragedy Titus Andronicus. This appeared as a small, cheap pamphlet called a Others are thought to record versions remembered by actors who performed the plays, providing information about staging practices in Shakespeare's day.Queen Elizabeth I ruled England when Shakespeare came to London. William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1594 and 1595. The monarch of England at this time was Queen Elizabeth I who was Queen from before Shakespeare's birth to 1603.
Did Shakespeare act in his own plays? - Quora
And among those who believe that Shakespeare didn't write his own plays, de Vere can be said to be the leading contender to unseat the Bard, but he's far from the only one - there have been dozens of Other than the plays themselves, we have precious little documentary evidence about Shakespeare.William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet, and actor. He wrote 39 plays (with about half of them considered comedies) and two long poems in his lifetime. He lived in Stratford-upon-Avon, in Warwickshire, England. His plays are still performed today.William Shakespeare plays are of diverse nature and consist of comedies, tragedies, and historical plays. I have decided to list these plays in Henry VI part II is the first of three Shakespeare plays based on the life and events of King Henry the VI. Set in 15th century England against the backdrop...Did Shakespeare really write his own plays? There has been many conspiracy theories about this most saying that Bacon wrote his play but didn't want to The first play William Shakespeare wrote was Henry VI (Henry 6th). This was a historical play about the Kings life and his childhood.Not a lot is...Early in his career, Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated his first and However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars contend that Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of...
Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is in regards to the poet and playwright. For different individuals of the similar name, see William Shakespeare (disambiguation). For other makes use of of "Shakespeare", see Shakespeare (disambiguation).
William ShakespeareThe Chandos portrait (held via the National Portrait Gallery, London)BornStratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandBaptised26 April 1564Died23 April 1616 (aged 52)Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, EnglandResting positionChurch of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-AvonOccupationPlaywrightpoetactorYears activec. 1585–1613EraElizabethanJacobeanMovementEnglish RenaissancePartner(s)Anne Hathaway (m. 1582)ChildrenSusanna HallHamnet ShakespeareJudith QuineyFolksJohn Shakespeare (father)Mary Arden (mother)Signature
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616)[a] was an English playwright, poet, and actor, broadly thought to be the best author in the English language and the arena's biggest dramatist.[2][3][4] He is steadily referred to as England's nationwide poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or just "the Bard").[5][b] His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of a few 39 plays,[c]154 sonnets, 3 lengthy narrative poems, and a couple of different verses, a few of uncertain authorship. His plays had been translated into every primary dwelling language and are carried out extra ceaselessly than the ones of some other playwright.[7] They additionally proceed to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three kids: Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a a success occupation in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a enjoying corporate called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. At age 49 (around 1613), he seems to have retired to Stratford, where he died 3 years later. Few information of Shakespeare's private existence live on; this has stimulated considerable hypothesis about such issues as his physical look, his sexuality, his spiritual beliefs, and whether or not the works attributed to him were written by means of others.[8][9][10]
Shakespeare produced most of his identified works between 1589 and 1613.[11][12][d] His early plays have been basically comedies and histories and are regarded as one of the most splendid paintings produced in those genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies till 1608, amongst them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the best works within the English language.[2][3][4] In the remaining segment of his lifestyles, he wrote tragicomedies (often referred to as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were printed in editions of various quality and accuracy in his lifetime. However, in 1623, two fellow actors and pals of Shakespeare's, John Heminges and Henry Condell, printed a more definitive textual content referred to as the First Folio, a posthumous gathered edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that integrated all however two of his plays.[13] The quantity was prefaced with a poem by means of Ben Jonson, in which Jonson presciently hailed Shakespeare in a now-famous quote as "not of an age, but for all time".[13]
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare Early lifestylesWilliam Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) at the start from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning circle of relatives.[14] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, the place he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of beginning is unknown, however is traditionally seen on 23 April, Saint George's Day.[15] This date, which can be traced to a mistake made by way of an 18th-century student, has proved interesting to biographers as a result of Shakespeare died at the same date in 1616.[16][17] He was the 0.33 of 8 kids, and the eldest surviving son.[18]
John Shakespeare's area, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-upon-AvonAlthough no attendance records for the duration live to tell the tale, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was most certainly educated on the King's New School in Stratford,[19][20][21] a loose faculty chartered in 1553,[22] about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his house. Grammar schools various in high quality throughout the Elizabethan technology, but grammar school curricula had been in large part similar: the basic Latin text was standardised through royal decree,[23][24] and the varsity would have supplied an extensive training in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.[25]
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory courtroom of the Diocese of Worcester issued a wedding licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds making certain that no lawful claims impeded the marriage.[26] The rite will have been organized in some haste since the Worcester chancellor allowed the wedding banns to be read once as a substitute of the usual thrice,[27][28] and 6 months after the marriage Anne gave delivery to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.[29] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, adopted virtually two years later and had been baptised 2 February 1585.[30] Hamnet died of unknown reasons at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.[31]
Shakespeare's coat of fingers, as it seems that on the rough draft of the application to grant a coat-of-arms to John Shakespeare. It features a spear as a pun at the family name.[e]After the beginning of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical strains until he's discussed as a part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his title within the "complaints bill" of a law case sooner than the Queen's Bench court docket at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589.[32] Scholars confer with the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years".[33] Biographers making an attempt to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the city for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the property of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare could also be intended to have taken his revenge on Lucy through writing a scurrilous ballad about him.[34][35] Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre consumers in London.[36]John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare have been a rustic schoolmaster.[37] Some 20th-century students instructed that Shakespeare will have been hired as a schoolmaster via Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.[38][39] Little proof substantiates such tales as opposed to hearsay gathered after his demise, and Shakeshafte was a not unusual title within the Lancashire house.[40][41]
London and theatrical careerIt is not recognized definitively when Shakespeare started writing, however recent allusions and records of performances show that a number of of his plays had been at the London level via 1592.[42] By then, he was sufficiently known in London to be attacked in print by means of the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit:
... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's center wrapped in a Player's disguise, supposes he's as well ready to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his personal conceit the one Shake-scene in a rustic.[43]
Scholars fluctuate on the exact meaning of Greene's words,[43][44] however maximum agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of attaining above his rank in seeking to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").[45] The italicised word parodying the road "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly determine Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, fairly than the more commonplace "universal genius".[43][46]
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers recommend that his profession will have begun any time from the mid-1580s to only sooner than Greene's remarks.[47][48][49] After 1594, Shakespeare's plays had been carried out most effective by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by means of a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon become the leading taking part in corporate in London.[50] After the loss of life of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by way of the brand new King James I, and changed its title to the King's Men.[51]
"All the sector's a stage, and the entire women and men simply avid gamers: they've their exits and their entrances; and one guy in his time plays many portions ..."
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, 139–142[52]
In 1599, a partnership of contributors of the corporate built their own theatre at the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that his affiliation with the company made him a wealthy man,[53] and in 1597, he purchased the second-largest area in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share of the parish tithes in Stratford.[54]
Some of Shakespeare's plays have been published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had turn into a selling level and began appearing on the name pages.[55][56][57] Shakespeare persevered to act in his personal and different plays after his good fortune as a playwright. The 1616 version of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the solid lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603).[58] The absence of his identify from the 1605 solid list for Jonson's Volpone is taken through some students as a sign that his appearing career was nearing its end.[47] The First Folio of 1623, alternatively, lists Shakespeare as certainly one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of that have been first staged after Volpone, even if one cannot know for sure which roles he played.[59] In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" performed "kingly" roles.[60] In 1709, Rowe handed down a tradition that Shakespeare performed the ghost of Hamlet's father.[35] Later traditions care for that he additionally performed Adam in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V,[61][62] despite the fact that scholars doubt the resources of that information.[63]
Throughout his profession, Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the 12 months earlier than he purchased New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames.[64][65] He moved around the river to Southwark via 1599, the same year his corporate built the Globe Theatre there.[64][66] By 1604, he had moved north of the river once more, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many high-quality properties. There, he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of ladies's wigs and different headgear.[67][68]
Later years and demise Shakespeare's funerary monument in Stratford-upon-AvonRowe was the primary biographer to document the tradition, repeated via Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".[69][70] He was still operating as an actor in London in 1608; in a solution to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage said that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".[71] However, it's possibly relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all through 1609.[72][73] The London public playhouses were many times closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a complete of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610),[74] which supposed there was continuously no acting work. Retirement from all paintings was uncommon at the moment.[75] Shakespeare persevered to talk over with London all through the years 1611–1614.[69] In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a courtroom case in regards to the marriage agreement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary.[76][77] In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory;[78] and from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.[79] After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613.[80] His remaining three plays have been collaborations, probably with John Fletcher,[81] who succeeded him as the home playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, sooner than the Globe Theatre burned down all over the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.[80]
Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, on the age of 52.[f] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he starts through describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant fresh supply explains how or why he died. Half a century later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted",[82][83] now not an unimaginable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively surprising loss of life: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[84][g]
Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, the place Shakespeare was baptised and is buriedHe was survived by means of his spouse and two daughters. Susanna had married a health care provider, John Hall, in 1607,[85] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months prior to Shakespeare's death.[86] Shakespeare signed his ultimate will and testomony on 25 March 1616; the following day, his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was discovered to blame of fathering an illegitimate son by way of Margaret Wheeler, who had died all over childbirth. Thomas was ordered by way of the church court to do public penance, which might have caused a lot disgrace and embarrassment for the Shakespeare circle of relatives.[86]
Shakespeare bequeathed the majority of his massive estate to his elder daughter Susanna[87] underneath prerequisites that she move it down intact to "the first son of her body".[88] The Quineys had three youngsters, all of whom died without marrying.[89][90] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married two times however died without youngsters in 1670, finishing Shakespeare's direct line.[91][92] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his spouse, Anne, who was most certainly entitled to one-third of his estate mechanically.[h] He did make a point, then again, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has resulted in much speculation.[94][95][96] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, while others imagine that the second-best mattress would had been the matrimonial mattress and due to this fact wealthy in significance.[97]
Shakespeare's grave, next to those of Anne Shakespeare, his wife, and Thomas Nash, the husband of his granddaughterShakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his loss of life.[98][99] The epitaph carved into the stone slab protecting his grave includes a curse towards shifting his bones, which was moderately have shyed away from all over restoration of the church in 2008:[100]
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare,To digg the dvst encloased heare.Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones,And cvrst be he yͭ strikes my bones.[101][i]
(Modern spelling: Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, / To dig the mud enclosed here. / Blessed be the man that spares these stones, / And cursed be he that moves my bones.)
Some time sooner than 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his reminiscence at the north wall, with a half-effigy of him within the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil.[102] In 1623, along side the e-newsletter of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was printed.[103]
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials world wide, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.[104][105]
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays and William Shakespeare's collaborations Procession of Characters from Shakespeare's Plays by means of an unknown Nineteenth-century artistMost playwrights of the duration typically collaborated with others at some point, and critics agree that Shakespeare did the similar, most commonly early and past due in his career.[106]
The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written within the early 1590s throughout a trend for ancient drama. Shakespeare's plays are tough thus far exactly, however,[107][108] and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may additionally belong to Shakespeare's earliest duration.[109][107] His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland,[110] dramatise the harmful results of susceptible or corrupt rule and feature been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty.[111] The early plays were influenced by way of the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by means of the traditions of medieval drama, and through the plays of Seneca.[112][113][114]The Comedy of Errors was also in line with classical fashions, however no supply for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it's associated with a separate play of the same identify and could have derived from a people story.[115][116] Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, by which two buddies seem to approve of rape,[117][118][119] the Shrew's story of the taming of a girl's independent spirit by way of a person sometimes troubles trendy critics, directors, and audiences.[120]
Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing. By William Blake, c. 1786. Tate Britain.Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and actual comedian sequences, give method within the mid-1590s to the romantic environment of his most acclaimed comedies.[121]A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comedian lowlife scenes.[122] Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic Merchant of Venice, comprises a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which displays Elizabethan views however may appear derogatory to modern audiences.[123][124] The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing,[125] the charming rural environment of As You Like It, and the energetic merrymaking of Twelfth Night whole Shakespeare's collection of serious comedies.[126] After the lyrical Richard II, written nearly fully in verse, Shakespeare presented prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, portions 1 and 2, and Henry V. His characters develop into more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comedian and severe scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature paintings.[127][128][129] This duration begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and demise;[130][131] and Julius Caesar—in line with Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which presented a new roughly drama.[132][133] According to Shakespearean student James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other".[134]
Hamlet, Horatio, Marcellus, and the Ghost of Hamlet's Father. Henry Fuseli, 1780–1785. Kunsthaus Zürich.In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called "problem plays" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well and quite a lot of his supreme known tragedies.[135][136] Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies constitute the height of his art. The titular hero of certainly one of Shakespeare's biggest tragedies, Hamlet, has most probably been mentioned more than any other Shakespearean personality, particularly for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question".[137] Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, the heroes of the tragedies that adopted, Othello and King Lear, are undone through hasty errors of judgement.[138] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies incessantly hinge on such deadly errors or flaws, which overturn order and spoil the hero and those he loves.[139] In Othello, the villain Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the purpose the place he murders the blameless spouse who loves him.[140][141] In King Lear, the previous king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, beginning the occasions which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the homicide of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia. According to the critic Frank Kermode, "the play...offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty".[142][143][144] In Macbeth, the shortest and maximum compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies,[145] uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, to murder the rightful king and usurp the throne until their very own guilt destroys them in turn.[146] In this play, Shakespeare provides a supernatural part to the tragic construction. His final main tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, include some of Shakespeare's best poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies via the poet and critic T. S. Eliot.[147][148][149]
In his final period, Shakespeare grew to become to romance or tragicomedy and finished 3 extra main plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest, as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, however they finish with reconciliation and the forgiveness of doubtless tragic mistakes.[150] Some commentators have noticed this modification in temper as proof of a more serene view of lifestyles on Shakespeare's section, however it should merely mirror the theatrical model of the day.[151][152][153] Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, almost certainly with John Fletcher.[154]
Performances Main article: Shakespeare in performanceIt isn't clear for which corporations Shakespeare wrote his early plays. The name page of the 1594 version of Titus Andronicus finds that the play were acted by means of 3 different troupes.[155] After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were performed via his own company at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch, north of the Thames.[156] Londoners flocked there to peer the primary part of Henry IV, Leonard Digges recording, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room".[157] When the company found themselves in dispute with their landlord, they pulled The Theatre down and used the timbers to build the Globe Theatre, the primary playhouse constructed by means of actors for actors, at the south bank of the Thames at Southwark.[158][159] The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the vital first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's biggest post-1599 plays had been written for the Globe, including Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.[158][160][161]
The reconstructed Globe Theatre at the south bank of the River Thames in LondonAfter the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a unique dating with the new King James. Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men carried out seven of Shakespeare's plays at courtroom between 1 November 1604, and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice.[62] After 1608, they carried out on the indoor Blackfriars Theatre right through the winter and the Globe all the way through the summer.[162] The indoor atmosphere, mixed with the Jacobean type for lavishly staged masques, allowed Shakespeare to introduce extra elaborate stage devices. In Cymbeline, for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees."[163][164]
The actors in Shakespeare's corporate included the famous Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges. Burbage performed the leading role in the first performances of lots of Shakespeare's plays, together with Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.[165] The standard comedian actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, among other characters.[166][167] He was changed around 1600 by way of Robert Armin, who performed roles similar to Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear.[168] In 1613, Sir Henry Wotton recorded that Henry VIII "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony".[169] On 29 June, on the other hand, a cannon set fire to the thatch of the Globe and burned the theatre to the bottom, an match which pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with uncommon precision.[169]
Textual sources Title page of the First Folio, 1623. Copper engraving of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout.In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two of Shakespeare's buddies from the King's Men, printed the First Folio, a collected version of Shakespeare's plays. It contained 36 texts, together with 18 revealed for the first time.[170] Many of the plays had already gave the impression in quarto versions—flimsy books comprised of sheets of paper folded twice to make 4 leaves.[171] No proof means that Shakespeare authorized those editions, which the First Folio describes as "stol'n and surreptitious copies".[172] Nor did Shakespeare plan or be expecting his works to continue to exist in any form in any respect; those works most probably would have faded into oblivion but for his pals' spontaneous concept, after his demise, to create and publish the First Folio.[173]
Alfred Pollard termed one of the pre-1623 variations as "bad quartos" on account of their adapted, paraphrased or garbled texts, which might in places have been reconstructed from memory.[171][172][174] Where several variations of a play survive, each differs from the opposite. The differences would possibly stem from copying or printing errors, from notes by way of actors or audience individuals, or from Shakespeare's personal papers.[175][176] In some circumstances, as an example, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, and Othello, Shakespeare could have revised the texts between the 4to and folio editions. In the case of King Lear, then again, while most present editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio version is so different from the 1608 4to that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them each, arguing that they cannot be conflated with out confusion.[177]
Since 2004 a CD-ROM is to be had with the German Schlegel/Tieck-Translation and the English textual content. [178]
Poems
In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres had been closed on account of plague, Shakespeare revealed two narrative poems on sexual subject matters, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He devoted them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous spouse Lucrece is raped by way of the lustful Tarquin.[179] Influenced by means of Ovid's Metamorphoses,[180] the poems display the guilt and moral confusion that end result from uncontrolled lust.[181] Both proved well-liked and have been ceaselessly reprinted throughout Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint, wherein a tender girl laments her seduction by means of a persuasive suitor, was published within the first version of the Sonnets in 1609. Most students now settle for that Shakespeare wrote A Lover's Complaint. Critics consider that its nice qualities are marred by means of leaden effects.[182][183][184]The Phoenix and the Turtle, published in Robert Chester's 1601 Love's Martyr, mourns the deaths of the mythical phoenix and his lover, the devoted turtle dove. In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim, printed below Shakespeare's title however with out his permission.[182][184][185]
Sonnets Main article: Shakespeare's sonnets Title web page from 1609 version of Shake-Speares SonnetsPublished in 1609, the Sonnets were the closing of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be revealed. Scholars don't seem to be sure when every of the 154 sonnets was composed, however proof means that Shakespeare wrote sonnets all over his profession for a non-public readership.[186][187] Even sooner than the two unauthorised sonnets seemed in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends".[188] Few analysts imagine that the published assortment follows Shakespeare's intended collection.[189] He turns out to have planned two contrasting sequence: one about uncontrollable lust for a married girl of dark complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about conflicted love for a fair young guy (the "fair youth"). It stays unclear if those figures represent actual folks, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, although Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets "Shakespeare unlocked his heart".[188][187]
"Shall I evaluate thee to a summer's day? Thou art more pretty and more temperate ..."
—Lines from Shakespeare's Sonnet 18.[190]
The 1609 version was dedicated to a "Mr. W.H.", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by way of Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials appear at the foot of the determination web page; neither is it known who Mr. W.H. was, in spite of numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even accepted the publication.[191] Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of affection, sexual hobby, procreation, death, and time.[192]
Style
Main article: Shakespeare's genreShakespeare's first plays have been written within the typical genre of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama.[193] The poetry relies on prolonged, now and again elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim quite than discuss. The grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, within the view of a few critics, regularly dangle up the action, for instance; and the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted.[194][195]
Pity through William Blake, 1795, Tate Britain, is an indication of 2 similes in Macbeth:"And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd Upon the sightless couriers of the air."[196]
However, Shakespeare soon began to conform the standard kinds to his personal functions. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots within the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the similar time, Richard's vibrant self-awareness looks ahead to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays.[197][198] No single play marks a metamorphosis from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare combined the 2 during his career, with Romeo and Juliet most likely the most efficient instance of the mixing of the styles.[199] By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a extra natural poetry. He more and more tuned his metaphors and images to the desires of the drama itself.
Shakespeare's usual poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter. In follow, this intended that his verse was in most cases unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a pressure on every moment syllable. The clean verse of his early plays is moderately different from that of his later ones. It is continuously beautiful, however its sentences have a tendency to start out, pause, and finish on the finish of strains, with the danger of monotony.[200] Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he started to interrupt and range its glide. This methodology releases the new energy and flexibility of the poetry in plays comparable to Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare makes use of it, as an example, to put across the turmoil in Hamlet's mind:[201]
Sir, in my center there was a type of fighting That would not let me sleep. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly— And prais'd be rashness for it—tell us Our indiscretion on occasion serves us smartly ...
— Hamlet, Act 5, Scene 2, 4–8[201]After Hamlet, Shakespeare varied his poetic genre further, specifically within the extra emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A. C. Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical".[202] In the closing phase of his occupation, Shakespeare followed many techniques to reach these results. These integrated run-on traces, abnormal pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence construction and length.[203] In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to any other: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1.7.35–38); "... pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air ..." (1.7.21–25). The listener is challenged to finish the sense.[203] The overdue romances, with their shifts in time and sudden turns of plot, impressed a last poetic style in which lengthy and short sentences are set against one any other, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and phrases are left out, developing an impact of spontaneity.[204]
Shakespeare blended poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre.[205] Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from resources such as Plutarch and Holinshed.[206] He reshaped each and every plot to create a number of centres of hobby and to turn as many sides of a story to the audience as imaginable. This power of design guarantees that a Shakespeare play can live to tell the tale translation, chopping and extensive interpretation without loss to its core drama.[207] As Shakespeare's mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more various motivations and unique patterns of speech. He preserved aspects of his earlier genre within the later plays, however. In Shakespeare's overdue romances, he deliberately returned to a extra artificial genre, which emphasised the illusion of theatre.[208][209]
Influence
Main article: Shakespeare's influence Macbeth Consulting the Vision of the Armed Head. By Henry Fuseli, 1793–1794. Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington.Shakespeare's paintings has made a lasting affect on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre.[210] Until Romeo and Juliet, for example, romance had not been seen as a worthy topic for tragedy.[211]Soliloquies were used basically to put across details about characters or occasions, but Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds.[212] His work closely influenced later poetry. The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, although with little good fortune. Critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes."[213]
Shakespeare influenced novelists akin to Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens. The American novelist Herman Melville's soliloquies owe a lot to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a vintage tragic hero, impressed by means of King Lear.[214] Scholars have known 20,000 items of track connected to Shakespeare's works. These come with 3 operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose crucial status compares with that of the supply plays.[215] Shakespeare has additionally inspired many painters, together with the Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites. The Swiss Romantic artist Henry Fuseli, a friend of William Blake, even translated Macbeth into German.[216] The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, specifically, that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature.[217]
In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling, and pronunciation have been much less standardised than they're now,[218] and his use of language assisted in shaping trendy English.[219]Samuel Johnson quoted him more continuously than another writer in his A Dictionary of the English Language, the primary critical work of its type.[220] Expressions akin to "with bated breath" (Merchant of Venice) and "a foregone conclusion" (Othello) have discovered their way into on a regular basis English speech.[221][222]
Shakespeare's influence extends a long way past his local England and the English language. His reception in Germany was particularly significant; as early because the 18th century Shakespeare was widely translated and popularised in Germany, and gradually turned into a "classic of the German Weimar era;" Christoph Martin Wieland was the primary to produce entire translations of Shakespeare's plays in any language.[223][224] Actor and theatre director Simon Callow writes, "this master, this titan, this genius, so profoundly British and so effortlessly universal, each different culture – German, Italian, Russian – was obliged to respond to the Shakespearean example; for the most part, they embraced it, and him, with joyous abandon, as the possibilities of language and character in action that he celebrated liberated writers across the continent. Some of the most deeply affecting productions of Shakespeare have been non-English, and non-European. He is that unique writer: he has something for everyone."[225]
Critical popularity
Main articles: Shakespeare's recognition and Timeline of Shakespeare criticism "He was not of an age, but for all time."—Ben Jonson[226]
Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, however he received a considerable amount of reward.[227][228] In 1598, the cleric and creator Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English playwrights as "the most excellent" in each comedy and tragedy.[229][230] The authors of the Parnassus plays at St John's College, Cambridge, numbered him with Chaucer, Gower, and Spenser.[231] In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage", although he had remarked in different places that "Shakespeare wanted art" (lacked talent).[226]
Between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the seventeenth century, classical ideas have been in trend. As a result, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare under John Fletcher and Ben Jonson.[232]Thomas Rymer, as an example, condemned Shakespeare for blending the comic with the tragic. Nevertheless, poet and critic John Dryden rated Shakespeare highly, announcing of Jonson, "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare".[233] For a number of many years, Rymer's view held sway; but all over the 18th century, critics began to respond to Shakespeare on his personal phrases and acclaim what they termed his natural genius. A chain of scholarly editions of his paintings, significantly those of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790, added to his rising reputation.[234][235] By 1800, he was firmly enshrined as the national poet.[236] In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation additionally unfold out of the country. Among those who championed him had been the writers Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal, and Victor Hugo.[237][j]
A lately garlanded statue of William Shakespeare in Lincoln Park, Chicago, typical of many created in the Nineteenth and early 20th centuriesDuring the Romantic era, Shakespeare was praised through the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays within the spirit of German Romanticism.[239] In the 19th century, essential admiration for Shakespeare's genius frequently bordered on adulation.[240] "This King Shakespeare," the essayist Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1840, "does not he shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying signs; indestructible".[241] The Victorians produced his plays as lavish spectacles on a grand scale.[242] The playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw mocked the cult of Shakespeare worship as "bardolatry", claiming that the new naturalism of Ibsen's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete.[243]
The modernist revolution in the arts all through the early Twentieth century, some distance from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his work within the provider of the avant-garde. The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays. Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre underneath the influence of Shakespeare. The poet and critic T.S. Eliot argued towards Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" actually made him really modern.[244] Eliot, along side G. Wilson Knight and the school of New Criticism, led a movement towards a more in-depth reading of Shakespeare's imagery. In the Nineteen Fifties, a wave of latest vital approaches replaced modernism and cleared the path for "post-modern" studies of Shakespeare.[245] By the Eighties, Shakespeare research had been open to actions reminiscent of structuralism, feminism, New Historicism, African-American research, and queer research.[246][247] Comparing Shakespeare's accomplishments to those of leading figures in philosophy and theology, Harold Bloom wrote: "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St. Augustine. He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions."[248]
Works
Further data: Shakespeare bibliography and Chronology of Shakespeare's plays Classification of the plays The Plays of William Shakespeare. By Sir John Gilbert, 1849.Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed consistent with their folio classification as comedies, histories, and tragedies.[249] Two plays now not integrated in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are actually authorised as a part of the canon, with lately's students agreeing that Shakespeare made primary contributions to the writing of both.[250][251] No Shakespearean poems have been integrated within the First Folio.
In the past due Nineteenth century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many students prefer to name them tragicomedies, Dowden's time period is frequently used.[252][253] In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the time period "problem plays" to describe four plays: All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and Hamlet.[254] "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may, therefore, borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare's problem plays."[255] The time period, much debated and every now and then carried out to other plays, stays in use, despite the fact that Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy.[256][257][258]
Speculation about Shakespeare
Authorship Main article: Shakespeare authorship questionAround 230 years after Shakespeare's loss of life, doubts started to be expressed concerning the authorship of the works attributed to him.[259] Proposed alternative applicants come with Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.[260] Several "group theories" have also been proposed.[261] Only a small minority of teachers consider there is explanation why to question the normal attribution,[262] but hobby in the matter, specifically the Oxfordian principle of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century.[263][264][265]
Religion Main article: Religious perspectives of William ShakespeareShakespeare conformed to the respectable state faith,[k] but his non-public views on faith have been the topic of dialogue. Shakespeare's will uses a Protestant formulation, and he was a showed member of the Church of England, where he was married, his kids have been baptised, and the place he's buried. Some scholars declare that individuals of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when practicing Catholicism in England was against the law.[267] Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, indubitably came from a pious Catholic circle of relatives. The most powerful proof might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by way of his father, John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former area in Henley Street. However, the file is now lost and students differ as to its authenticity.[268][269] In 1591, the government reported that John Shakespeare had overlooked church "for fear of process for debt", a commonplace Catholic excuse.[270][271][272] In 1606, the identify of William's daughter Susanna appears on a list of the ones who failed to wait Easter communion in Stratford.[270][271][272] Other authors argue that there is a loss of evidence about Shakespeare's non secular beliefs. Scholars to find evidence each for and towards Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of trust in his plays, but the reality could also be unimaginable to turn out.[273][274]
Sexuality Main article: Sexuality of William ShakespeareFew main points of Shakespeare's sexuality are known. At 18, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who was pregnant. Susanna, the primary of their 3 youngsters, was born six months afterward 26 May 1583. Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical,[275] and level to them as proof of his love for a tender man. Others learn the same passages as the expression of intense friendship somewhat than romantic love.[276][277][278] The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married lady, are taken as proof of straight liaisons.[279]
Portraiture Main article: Portraits of ShakespeareNo written fresh description of Shakespeare's physical look survives, and no evidence suggests that he ever commissioned a portrait, so the Droeshout engraving, which Ben Jonson approved of as a good likeness,[280] and his Stratford monument provide perhaps the best proof of his appearance. From the 18th century, the need for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that quite a lot of surviving footage depicted Shakespeare. That demand also resulted in the production of a number of pretend portraits, as well as misattributions, repaintings, and relabelling of portraits of other people.[281]
See additionally
Outline of William Shakespeare English Renaissance theatre Spelling of Shakespeare's title World Shakespeare BibliographyNotes and references
Notes ^ Dates practice the Julian calendar, used in England all through Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the beginning of the yr adjusted to at least one January (see Old Style and New Style dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, followed in Catholic international locations in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May.[1] ^ The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" id, dates from September 1769, when the actor David Garrick organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark the town council awarding him the freedom of town. In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon because the birthplace of the "matchless Bard".[6] ^ The precise figures are unknown. See Shakespeare's collaborations and Shakespeare Apocrypha for additional main points. ^ Individual play dates and actual writing span are unknown. See Chronology of Shakespeare's plays for further main points. ^ The crest is a silver falcon supporting a spear, whilst the motto is Non Sanz Droict (French for "not without right"). This motto remains to be utilized by Warwickshire County Council, in reference to Shakespeare. ^ Inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR (In his 53rd 12 months he died 23 April). ^ Verse via James Mabbe published in the First Folio.[84] ^ Charles Knight, 1842, in his notes on Twelfth Night.[93] ^ In the scribal abbreviations ye for the (third line) and yt for that (third and 4th traces) the letter y represents th: see thorn. ^ Grady cites Voltaire's Philosophical Letters (1733); Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795); Stendhal's two-part pamphlet Racine et Shakespeare (1823–25); and Victor Hugo's prefaces to Cromwell (1827) and William Shakespeare (1864).[238] ^ For example, A.L. Rowse, the 20th-century Shakespeare scholar, was emphatic: "He died, as he had lived, a conforming member of the Church of England. His will made that perfectly clear—in facts, puts it beyond dispute, for it uses the Protestant formula."[266] References ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. xv. ^ a b Greenblatt 2005, p. 11. ^ a b Bevington 2002, pp. 1–3. ^ a b Wells 1997, p. 399. ^ Dobson 1992, pp. 185–186. ^ McIntyre 1999, pp. 412–432. ^ Craig 2003, p. 3. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. xvii–xviii. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 41, 66, 397–398, 402, 409. ^ Taylor 1990, pp. 145, 210–223, 261–265. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 270–271. ^ Taylor 1987, pp. 109–134. ^ a b Greenblatt & Abrams 2012, p. 1168. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 14–22. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24–26. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 24, 296. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 15–16. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 23–24. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 53. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xv–xvi. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 464. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29. ^ Baldwin 1944, p. 117. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 77–78. ^ Wood 2003, p. 84. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 78–79. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 93. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 94. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 224. ^ Bate 2008, p. 314. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 95. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 97–108. ^ a b Rowe 1709. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 144–145. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111. ^ Honigmann 1999, p. 1. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xvii. ^ Honigmann 1999, pp. 95–117. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 97–109. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 287, 292. ^ a b c Greenblatt 2005, p. 213. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 153. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 176. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 151–153. ^ a b Wells 2006, p. 28. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 144–146. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 59. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 184. ^ Chambers 1923, pp. 208–209. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. 666. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 67–71. ^ Bentley 1961, p. 36. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 188. ^ Kastan 1999, p. 37. ^ Knutson 2001, p. 17. ^ Adams 1923, p. 275. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 200. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 200–201. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 357. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxii. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 202–203. ^ a b Hales 1904, pp. 401–402. ^ Honan 1998, p. 121. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 122. ^ Honan 1998, p. 325. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 405. ^ a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 476. ^ Wood 1806, pp. ix–x, lxxii. ^ Smith 1964, p. 558. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 477. ^ Barroll 1991, pp. 179–182. ^ Bate 2008, pp. 354–355. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 382–383. ^ Honan 1998, p. 326. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 272–274. ^ Honan 1998, p. 387. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, p. 279. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 375–378. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453. ^ a b Kinney 2012, p. 11. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 287. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 292–294. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 304. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 395–396. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 8, 11, 104. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 296. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 7, 9, 13. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 289, 318–319. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 275. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 483. ^ Frye 2005, p. 16. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 145–146. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 301–303. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 306–307. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xviii. ^ BBC News 2008. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 306. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 308–310. ^ Cooper 2006, p. 48. ^ Westminster Abbey n.d. ^ Southwark Cathedral n.d. ^ Thomson 2003, p. 49. ^ a b Frye 2005, p. 9. ^ Honan 1998, p. 166. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 159–161. ^ Dutton & Howard 2003, p. 147. ^ Ribner 2005, pp. 154–155. ^ Frye 2005, p. 105. ^ Ribner 2005, p. 67. ^ Bednarz 2004, p. 100. ^ Honan 1998, p. 136. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 166. ^ Frye 2005, p. 91. ^ Honan 1998, pp. 116–117. ^ Werner 2001, pp. 96–100. ^ Friedman 2006, p. 159. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 235. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 161–162. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 205–206. ^ Honan 1998, p. 258. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 359. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 362–383. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 150. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 1. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 356. ^ Wood 2003, p. 161. ^ Honan 1998, p. 206. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 353, 358. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 151–153. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 151. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 85. ^ Muir 2005, pp. 12–16. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 94. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 86. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 40, 48. ^ Bradley 1991, pp. 42, 169, 195. ^ Greenblatt 2005, p. 304. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 226. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 423. ^ Kermode 2004, pp. 141–142. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 43–46. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 306. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 444. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 69–70. ^ Eliot 1934, p. 59. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 57. ^ Dowden 1881, p. 60. ^ Frye 2005, p. 123. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 15. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 1247, 1279. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xx. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxi. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 16. ^ a b Foakes 1990, p. 6. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 125–131. ^ Nagler 1958, p. 7. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 131–132. ^ Foakes 1990, p. 33. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 454. ^ Holland 2000, p. xli. ^ Ringler 1997, p. 127. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 210. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 341. ^ Shapiro 2005, pp. 247–249. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. 1247. ^ Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxvii. ^ a b Wells et al. 2005, p. xxxiv. ^ a b Pollard 1909, p. xi. ^ Mays & Swanson 2016. ^ Maguire 1996, p. 28. ^ Bowers 1955, pp. 8–10. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. xxxiv–xxxv. ^ Wells et al. 2005, pp. 909, 1153. ^ Shakespeare, entire works, English & German. ISBN 978-3-89853-461-1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShakespeare,_complete_works,_English_&_German._ISBN_978-3-89853-461-1 (help) ^ Roe 2006, p. 21. ^ Frye 2005, p. 288. ^ Roe 2006, pp. 3, 21. ^ a b Roe 2006, p. 1. ^ Jackson 2004, pp. 267–294. ^ a b Honan 1998, p. 289. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 327. ^ Wood 2003, p. 178. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, p. 180. ^ a b Honan 1998, p. 180. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 268. ^ Mowat & Werstine n.d. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 268–269. ^ Wood 2003, p. 177. ^ Clemen 2005a, p. 150. ^ Frye 2005, pp. 105, 177. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 29. ^ de Sélincourt 1909, p. 174. ^ Brooke 2004, p. 69. ^ Bradbrook 2004, p. 195. ^ Clemen 2005b, p. 63. ^ Frye 2005, p. 185. ^ a b Wright 2004, p. 868. ^ Bradley 1991, p. 91. ^ a b McDonald 2006, pp. 42–46. ^ McDonald 2006, pp. 36, 39, 75. ^ Gibbons 1993, p. 4. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–4. ^ Gibbons 1993, pp. 1–7, 15. ^ McDonald 2006, p. 13. ^ Meagher 2003, p. 358. ^ Chambers 1944, p. 35. ^ Levenson 2000, pp. 49–50. ^ Clemen 1987, p. 179. ^ Steiner 1996, p. 145. ^ Bryant 1998, p. 82. ^ Gross 2003, pp. 641–642. ^ Paraisz 2006, p. 130. ^ Bloom 1995, p. 346. ^ Cercignani 1981. ^ Crystal 2001, pp. 55–65, 74. ^ Wain 1975, p. 194. ^ Johnson 2002, p. 12. ^ Crystal 2001, p. 63. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"How Shakespeare was turned into a German". DW.com. 22 April 2016. ^ "Unser Shakespeare: Germans' mad obsession with the Bard". The Local. 22 April 2016. ^ "Simon Callow: What the Dickens? Well, William Shakespeare was the greatest after all..." The Independent. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ a b Jonson 1996, p. 10. ^ Dominik 1988, p. 9. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 267. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 265. ^ Greer 1986, p. 9. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 266. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 269. ^ Dryden 1889, p. 71. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 270–272. ^ Levin 1986, p. 217. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 270. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–74. ^ Grady 2001b, pp. 272–274. ^ Levin 1986, p. 223. ^ Sawyer 2003, p. 113. ^ Carlyle 1841, p. 161. ^ Schoch 2002, pp. 58–59. ^ Grady 2001b, p. 276. ^ Grady 2001a, pp. 22–26. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 24. ^ Grady 2001a, p. 29. ^ Drakakis 1985, pp. 16–17, 23–25. ^ Bloom 2008, p. xii. ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 91, 193, 513.. ^ Kathman 2003, p. 629. ^ Boyce 1996, p. 91. ^ Edwards 1958, pp. 1–10. ^ Snyder & Curren-Aquino 2007. ^ Schanzer 1963, pp. 1–10. ^ Boas 1896, p. 345. ^ Schanzer 1963, p. 1. ^ Bloom 1999, pp. 325–380. ^ Berry 2005, p. 37. ^ Shapiro 2010, pp. 77–78. ^ Gibson 2005, pp. 48, 72, 124. ^ McMichael & Glenn 1962, p. 56. ^ The New York Times 2007. ^ Kathman 2003, pp. 620, 625–626. ^ Love 2002, pp. 194–209. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, pp. 430–440. ^ Rowse 1988, p. 240. ^ Pritchard 1979, p. 3. ^ Wood 2003, pp. 75–78. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 22–23. ^ a b Wood 2003, p. 78. ^ a b Ackroyd 2006, p. 416. ^ a b Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 41–42, 286. ^ Wilson 2004, p. 34. ^ Shapiro 2005, p. 167. ^ Lee 1900, p. 55. ^ Casey 1998. ^ Pequigney 1985. ^ Evans 1996, p. 132. ^ Fort 1927, pp. 406–414. ^ Cooper 2006, pp. 48, 57. ^ Schoenbaum 1981, p. 190.Sources
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Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his own time William Shakespeare at the Encyclopædia Britannica Winston Churchill & Shakespeare - UK Parliament Living Heritage Internet Shakespeare Editions Folger Digital Texts Open Source Shakespeare whole works, with search engine and concordance First Four Folios at Miami University Library, digital collection The Shakespeare Quartos Archive Shakespeare's sonnets, poems, and texts at Poets.org Shakespeare's Words the web version of the most efficient promoting thesaurus and language spouse Shakespeare and Music Shakespeare's Will from The National Archives Works by William Shakespeare set to track: free rankings within the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust William Shakespeare at IMDb Works via William Shakespeare at Project Gutenberg Works by way of or about William Shakespeare at Internet Archive Works through William Shakespeare at LibriVox (public area audiobooks) Discovering Literature: Shakespeare on the British Library Excavation finds early Shakespeare theatre William Shakespeare on the British Library "Shakespeare and Literary Criticism", BBC Radio 4 dialogue with Harold Bloom and Jacqueline Rose (In Our Time, 4 March 1999). "Shakespeare's Work" BBC Radio 4 dialogue with Frank Kermode, Michael Bagdanov and Germaine Greer (In Our Time, 11 May 2000). "Shakespeare's Life", BBC Radio Four discussion with Katherine Duncan-Jones, John Sutherland and Grace Ioppolo (In Our Time, 15 March 2001). Records on Shakespeare's Theatre Legacy from the UK Parliamentary Collections Newspaper clippings about William Shakespeare in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWvteWilliam ShakespearePlaysComedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻ The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻ The Winter's TaleTragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and CressidaHistories King John Edward III ✻ Richard II Henry IV 1 2 Henry V Henry VI 1 ✻ 2 3 Richard III Henry VIII ✻Early editions Quarto publications First Folio Second FolioSee also Problem plays Late romances Henriad Characters A–Ok L–Z Ghost persona Chronology Performances Settings ScenesPoems Shakespeare's sonnets comparability to Petrarch A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and AdonisApocryphaPlays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio ✻ Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More ✻ The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Ur-Hamlet Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire TragedyPoems The Passionate Pilgrim To the QueenLifeand works Birthplace Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Collaborations Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men/King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious perspectives Sexuality Spelling of his identify Stratford-upon-Avon Style Will GraveLegacy Attribution research Authorship query Bardolatry Festivals Gardens Influence Memorials Screen variations Shakespeare and Star Trek Titles of works taken from ShakespeareInstitutions Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Shakespeare Theatre Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Shakespeare's Globe (reproduction) Family Anne Hathaway (wife) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mom) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edmund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) Thomas Nash (grandson-in-law) ✻ Shakespeare and different authors LostCategory WikiProject Links to comparable articles vteEarly editions of William Shakespeare's worksFolios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in 4to Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False FolioEarly editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward KnightPublishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew WisePrinters Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Shakespearean tragedy vteWilliam Shakespeare's Antony and CleopatraCharacters Mark Antony Octavius Caesar Lepidus Cleopatra Sextus Pompey Domitius Enobarbus Ventidius Canidius Scarus Octavia Maecenas Agrippa Taurus Dolabella Gallus Menas CharmianSources Parallel LivesStage diversifications The False One (c.1620) All for Love (1677)Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966)On display 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) 1981 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film)Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category vteWilliam Shakespeare's CoriolanusCharactersHistorical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Junius Brutus Tullus AufidiusFictional Volumnia VirgiliaSources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties (William Averell)Adaptations Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011)Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) vteWilliam Shakespeare's CymbelineCharacters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus JupiterSources Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) The Decameron (c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Adaptations Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014)Related Shakespeare's overdue romances Philaster (c.1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven vteWilliam Shakespeare's HamletCharacters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers YorickSoliloquies "To be, or not to be" "Mortal coil" "What a piece of work is a man" "Speak the speech"Words and phrases "The lady doth protest too much, methinks" "Thy name is"Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity SubstitutionSourcesCriticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and PythiasInfluence Common words from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of plant life Human skull symbolismPerformances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964)On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2011AdaptationsFilms The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018)Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) Ophelia's Revenge (2003) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008)Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991)Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973)Television Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009)Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet "Lyle the Kindly Viking" To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure "Tales from the Public Domain" The Skinhead HamletSongs "My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone" (sixteenth century) "Pull Me Under" (1992) "Song for Athene" (1997)Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean)Story inside a taleFilms To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet within the Village of Mrdusa Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (2012)Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008)Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) "The Undiscovered" (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007)Television "The Producer" (1966) "The Conscience of the King" (1966) "Born to Be King" (1983) "Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow" (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003)Art Ophelia Affe mit SchädelVideo sport Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010)Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe's HavocRelated Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber "Symphony No. 65" (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy vteWilliam Shakespeare's Julius CaesarSources Parallel LivesScreendiversifications Julius Caesar (1914 movie) Julius Caesar (1950 film) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 film) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV)Inspired paintings La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) The Karaoke King (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016)Quotes "The dogs of war" "Et tu, Brute?" "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" "Greek to me"Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Category vteWilliam Shakespeare's King LearCharacters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The FoolSources Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) "Water and Salt"Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of BritainAdaptationsPlays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978)Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009)Operas Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000)Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Second Generation (2003)Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018)Story inside of a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 movie) The Dresser (2015 film)Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) vteWilliam Shakespeare's MacbethCharacters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young SiwardInspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and ISources Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles DarraðarljóðFilm 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Upcoming UncompletedTelevision 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1982 1983 1992 2005 2010TV / movie variations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021)Plays Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Just Macbeth!Operas Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch)Literary diversifications Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018)Albums Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005)Art Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture)Scenes and speeches "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow"Words and phrases "What's done is done" "Crack of doom" "Strange but true" The Scottish Play Thane of CawdorStory within a tale We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair "The Movies" "Sleeping with the Enemy" "The Shower Principle" Mécanisme de los angeles physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & HareEpisodes "A Witch's Tangled Hare" (1959, Looney Tunes) "The Bellero Shield" (1964, The Outer Limits) "Sense and Senility" (1987, Blackadder the Third) "The Coup" (2006, The Office) "Dial "N" for Nerder" (2008, The Simpsons) "Four Great Women and a Manicure" (2009, The Simpsons) "The Understudy" (2014, Inside No. 9)Other Macbeth (Strauss) The Scottish Play Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Othello* Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo BrabantioSource Della descrittione dell'Africa (1550) via Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by CintioStagediversifications The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011)Opera and balletadaptations Otello (Rossini) (1816; opera) Otello (1887; opera) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet rating) Bandanna (1999; opera)Films 1922 1951 1955 1965 1995TV 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001Filmvariations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008)From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album)Paintings OthelloPhrases "Beast with two backs"Related Othello error Filming OthelloStory withina story Carnival (1921 movie) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film)Related Cultural references to Othello vteWilliam Shakespeare's Romeo and JulietCharacters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab AtomySources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde EphesiacaBallets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher)Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019)Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 1968 BBC 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013FilmadaptationsEnglish Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) Romanoff and Juliet (1961) West Side Story (1961) Gonks Go Beat (1965) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982) Valley Girl (1983) Bullies (1986) China Girl (1987) Romeo.Juliet (1990) Tromeo and Juliet (1996) Love Is All There Is (1996) Rose by way of Any Other Name... (1997) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) Romeo Must Die (2000) Brooklyn Babylon (2001) Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005) West Bank Story (2005) Life and Lyrics (2006) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006) Rome & Jewel (2006) David & Fatima (2008) The Cross Road (2008) Vicious Circle (2008) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Private Romeo (2011) Warm Bodies (2013) Make Your Move (2013) Romeo & Juliet (2013) R#J (2021) West Side Story (2021) Die in a Gunfight (TBA)Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) Saudagar (1991) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002) Bollywood Queen (2002) Ishaqzaade (2012) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) Issaq (2013)TeluguMaro Charitra (1978) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996) Kalisundam Raa (2000) Maro Charitra (2010)Spanish Romeo and Juliet (1940) Los Tarantos (1963) 30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995) Amar te duele (2002) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid (1967) Ma che musica maestro (1971)Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)Other Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937) The Lovers Of Verona (French 1949) Ambikapathy (Tamil 1957) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960) Keyamat Theke Keyamat (Bengali 1993) The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995) Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000) Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003) Mamay (Ukrainian 2003) The District! (Hungarian 2004) In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006) The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006) Priyatama (Marathi 2014) Arshinagar (Bengali 2015) Eeda (Malayalam 2017) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)TV sequence Sons and Daughters (1982) Family and Friends (1990) Villa Quintana (1995) Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team (1996) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998) Skin (2003) A Touch Away (2006) Dangerous (2007) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Saints & Sinners (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Villa Quintana (2013) Westside (2013 pilot) Star-Crossed (2014) Still Star-Crossed (2017)Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013)Songs Lan và Điệp (Thirties) "Montagues and Capulets" (1935) "Fever" (1956) "Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet" (1968) "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976) "Angelo" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1978) "Romeo and Juliet" (1981) "Cherish" (1989) "Ranjana" (1994) "Amor Prohibido" (1994) "Kissing You" (1996) "Starcrossed" (2004) "Peut-être toi" (2006) "Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007) "Love Story" (2008) "Love Me Again" "Laal Ishq" "Mor Bani Thanghat Kare" "Nagada Sang Dhol" "Ram Chahe Leela" (2013)Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008)Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010)Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) Romeo and Juliet (1978)Phrases "Star-crossed" "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"Story withina tale Nicholas Nickleby 1912 movie 1947 film 1980 play 2001 movie 2002 movie The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 movie 1915 movie 1916 film 1917 film 1918 movie 1945 movie 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet "Nothing Broken but My Heart" Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady "Moonshine River" Rendez-vous Fame "I Am Unicorn" The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds "The Thief of Baghead" The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night "Say You'll Be Mine" Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On!Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet impact Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet "Upper West Side Story" (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock GnomesBook:Romeo and Juliet vteWilliam Shakespeare's Timon of AthensCharacters Timon Alcibiades ApemantusSources Palace of Pleasure (1566)Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981)Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677)Related Thomas Middleton vteWilliam Shakespeare's Titus AndronicusCharacters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus LuciusSources Ab Urbe Condita (c.26 BC) Metamorphoses (c.AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (overdue third century AD)Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) "Scott Tenorman Must Die" (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017)Related Peacham drawing Authorship query Themes "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Troilus and CressidaCharactersTrojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas HelenGreeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites MyrmidonsSources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of TroyeAdaptations The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV)Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play Shakespearean comedy vteWilliam Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends WellCharacters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana MarianaSources The Decameron (c.1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566)Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV)Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick vteWilliam Shakespeare's As You Like ItCharacters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques TouchstoneScreen 1912 1936 Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1994 (TV) 2006Related "All the world's a stage" vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Comedy of ErrorsCharacters Antipholus of Syracuse Antipholus of Ephesus Dromio of Syracuse Dromio of Ephesus Adriana Luciana Egeon Emilia SolinusSources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of TyreOpera and musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000)Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Char (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Double Di Trouble (2014) Cirkus (2021)Related Classical unities Gesta Grayorum (1688) The Flying Karamazov Brothers vteWilliam Shakespeare's Love's Labour's LostCharacters King Ferdinand of Navarre Lord Berowne Lord Longaville Lord Dumaine Princess of France Lady Rosaline Lady Maria Lady Katharine Boyet Don Adriano de Armado Moth Sir Nathaniel Holofernes Dull Costard Jaquenetta MarcadéAdaptations Love's Labor Lost (animated; 1920) Love's Labour's Lost (opera; 1973) Love's Labour's Lost (TV; 1985) Love's Labour's Lost (movie; 2000)Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Measure for MeasureCharacters AngeloSources Hecatommithi by way of Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by way of George WhetstoneTheatrical Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004)Film Adaptations Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV)Related Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean drawback play Mariana (Millais) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceCharacters Shylock Antonio Portia JessicaSources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of MaltaOn display 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004Music Incidental tune: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987)Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002)Related "All that glitters is not gold" "Between you and I" "The quality of mercy" vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of WindsorCharacters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal NymFilm/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV)Opera/Musical Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004)Related "You Banbury cheese!" vteWilliam Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's DreamCharactersLovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and DemetriusMechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout ComfortableOthers Puck Egeus PhilostrateProductionsFilm 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017Television 1969 1981 1992 2016Stage 1970AdaptationsFilm A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) Strange Magic (2015)Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011)Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) Wedding March (1842, Mendelssohn) Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004)Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011)Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical)Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie TitaniaArt Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and BottomBallet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964)Television "Fascination" (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017)Related Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Much Ado About NothingCharacters Beatrice Don Pedro DogberryAdaptationsScreen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901)Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005)Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Dil Chahta Hai (2001) Imogen Says Nothing (2017)Related Dogberryism "Curiosity killed the cat" Pleaching vteWilliam Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of TyreCharacters John Gower DianaSources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576)Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV)Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Taming of the ShrewCharacters Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher SlyStage adaptations The Woman's Prize (c1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963)Direct variations 1908 1929 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV)Other variations Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) Il Bisbetico Domato (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010)Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (inventory character) Vinegar Girl (2016) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The TempestCharacters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo StephanoSources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World Montaigne's Essays Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea ChallengeFilms 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010AdaptationsMusic Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) "Don't Pay the Ferryman" (1982)Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998)Painting Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c, 1736-1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by means of Ariel (1850, Millais)Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet AmalunaPlays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008)Opera The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams)Poetry andprose fiction "Caliban upon Setebos" (Browning) "The Sea and the Mirror" (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood)Phrases "Ariel's Song" "Full fathom five" "Sea change" "What's past is prologue"Sculpture The Tempest (1966) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Twelfth NightCharacters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek FesteOn display screen 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004)Adaptations Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009)Opera Viola (unfinished) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Two Gentlemen of VeronaCharacters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed CrabSources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580)Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971)Screen variations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983)Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper "An Sylvia" (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Two Noble KinsmenCharacters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell TimothySources "The Knight's Tale" The Canterbury TalesRelated Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's overdue romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Winter's TaleCharacters Leontes Perdita FlorizelSources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (c.1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611)Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) "The Winter's Tale" (1994)Stage works Hermione (1872 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) Shakespearean history vteWilliam Shakespeare's King JohnCharacters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf HubertSources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John (c.1589)Adaptations King John (1899) Said-e-Hawas (1908) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV)Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Edward IIICharactersEnglish Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord MontfortFrench King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of BohemiaScottish King David of Scotland Sir William DouglasSources Froissart's Chronicles (c.1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Related Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers vteWilliam Shakespeare's Henriad Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry VCharacters and eventsRichard II Richard II Henry Bolingbroke Duke of York Earl of Northumberland Duke of Aumerle John of Gaunt Queen (unnamed composite of Anne of Bohemia and Isabella of Valois) Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Duchess of York (unnamed composite of Infanta Isabella of Castile and Joan Holland) Duchess of Gloucester Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk Bishop of Carlisle Duke of Surrey Bushy Bagot Green Lord Ross Earl of Salisbury Lord Berkeley1 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Henry 'Hotspur' Percy Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Mistress Quickly Bardolph Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester Earl of Douglas Sir Walter Blunt Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland Lady Percy Earl of Westmorland Owen Glendower Edmund Mortimer Lady Mortimer Owen Glendower Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford Battle of Humbleton Hill Battle of Shrewsbury2 Henry IV Henry IV Prince Hal Sir John Falstaff Ned Poins Ancient Pistol Bardolph Mistress Quickly Doll Tearsheet Robert Shallow Earl of Westmorland Archbishop of York John, Duke of Bedford Earl of Warwick Lord Chief Justice Lord Bardolf Earl of Northumberland Lord Mowbray Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Surrey HearsayHenry V Henry V King of France Louis the Dauphin Fluellen Ancient Pistol Mistress Quickly Bardolph Corporal Nym Katharine Constable of France Chorus Duke of Exeter John, Duke of Bedford Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Thomas, Duke of Clarence Earl of Westmorland Duke of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Duke of Bourbon Archbishop of Canterbury Bishop of Ely Queen Isabel Earl of Cambridge Lord Scroop Sir Thomas Grey Michael Williams Sir Thomas Erpingham Duke of Berry Battle of AgincourtOn display screenRichard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1978; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown: Richard II (2012; TV)1 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The First Part of King Henry the Fourth, with the existence and loss of life of Henry surnamed Hotspur (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019)2 Henry IV An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Second Part of King Henry the Fourth containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019)Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) The Life of Henry the Fift (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown: Henry V (2012) The King (2019)Sources Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V (c.1585) Thomas of Woodstock/Richard the Second, Part One (c.1593)Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor (c.1597) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760)Related music Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963)Historical context Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses Divine right of kings Robert Devereux, 2d Earl of Essex John Oldcastle vteWilliam Shakespeare's first historic tetralogy Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard IIICharactersand events1 Henry VI Henry VI Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Duke of Exeter Lord Talbot Duke of Bedford Richard, Duke of York Bishop of Winchester Earl of Suffolk Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of Somerset) Earl of Warwick Earl of Salisbury John Talbot Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of Sir Edmund Mortimer and Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March) Sir John Fastolf Charles the Dauphin Joan los angeles Pucelle Margaret of Anjou Reignier, Duke of Anjou Duke of Alençon Bastard of Orléans Duke of Burgundy Jacques d'Arc Siege of Orléans Battle of Patay2 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Richard, Duke of York Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Cardinal of Winchester Duke of Suffolk Duke of Buckingham Jack Cade Duke of Somerset (conflation of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 2d Duke of Somerset) Duchess of Gloucester Edward Plantagenet Richard Plantagenet Lord Clifford Young Clifford Margery Jourdayne Lord Saye Lord Scales First Battle of St Albans Peasants' Revolt3 Henry VI Henry VI Queen Margaret Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Edward IV Richard, Duke of Gloucester George, Duke of Clarence Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Clifford Lady Grey Montague Earl of Oxford Duke of Somerset (conflation of Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset and Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset) Lord Hastings Sir William Stanley Earl of Northumberland Duke of Exeter Duke of Norfolk Earl of Westmorland Lord Rivers Edmund, Earl of Rutland Henry, Earl of Richmond Louis XI of France Bona of Savoy Prince Edward Earl of Pembroke Lord Stafford Lord Bourbon Battle of Towton Battle of Barnet Battle of Wakefield Second Battle of St Albans Battle of TewkesburyRichard III Richard III Duke of Buckingham Queen Elizabeth Duchess of York Queen Margaret Lady Neville George, Duke of Clarence Edward IV Lord Hastings Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond Sir William Catesby Sir Richard Ratcliffe Lord Rivers Marquis of Dorset Sir James Tyrrell Lord Richard Grey Prince Edward Richard, Duke of York Earl of Warwick Countess of Salisbury Duke of Norfolk Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of York Earl of Surrey Sir Thomas Vaughan Sir Christopher Robert Brackenbury Lord Lovel Ghost of Henry VI Ghost of Edward, Prince of Wales Lord Mayor of London Earl of Oxford Sir James Blunt Sir William Brandon Bishop of Ely Sheriff of Wiltshire Wars of the Roses Princes within the Tower Battle of Bosworth FieldOn screen1 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The First Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 1 (2016; TV)2 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Second Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 1 & Henry VI, Part 2 (2016; TV)3 Henry VI An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Third Part of Henry the Sixt (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown: Henry VI, Part 2 (2016; TV)Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) The Tragedy of Richard III (1983; TV) "The Foretelling" (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) The Hollow Crown: Richard III (2016; TV)Sources The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III (c.1590)Historical context Hundred Years' War Wars of the Roses House of Plantagenet House of York House of LancasterRelated "Even a worm will turn" The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) vteWilliam Shakespeare's Henry VIIICharacters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-FingersSources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)Adaptations Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979)Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre Category vteShakespeare's sonnets"Fair Youth" sonnetsProcreation sonnets 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77Rival Poet sonnets 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125"Envoy" 126"Dark Lady" sonnets 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152"Anacreontics" 153 154 vtePortraits, sculptures and memorials to William ShakespearePortraits Chandos portrait Droeshout portraitDisputed Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Sculptures Shakespeare's funerary monument Heminges and Condell MemorialStatues Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Memorials Boydell Shakespeare Gallery Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare vteThe "Beaumont and Fletcher" Canon Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip MassingerNathan Field William Shakespeare James Shirley Thomas Middleton William Rowley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John WebsterPlays(someattributionsconjectural)Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's InnBeaumontand Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble GentlemanFletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a WifeFletcher andMassinger †Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother †A Very WomanFletcherand others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare †Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker Wit Without Money with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the InnOthers The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley)Performanceand newsletter English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey RobinsonRelated †The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) †Double Falsehood (most likely in response to Cardenio)† = Not published within the Beaumont and Fletcher folios Authority regulate BIBSYS: 90052737 BNC: 000035299 BNE: XX1020842 BNF: cb119246079 (data) CANTIC: a10429979 CiNii: DA00034374 GND: 118613723 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV[scrape_url:1]{title}
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